Free space optical communication (FSOC) is a potential technique for high-speed, secure data transmission. It has the capacity to serve a huge number of people and deliver a large amount of bandwidth. FSOC is utilized in locations where optical fiber is difficult to deploy and saves time while also being license-free. FSO networks have a wide range of possible applications, from house to satellite. FSO networks, on the other hand, have not gained traction due to a lack of availability and dependability. In order to take use of the features of wireless optical channels, researchers have concentrated on challenges in the physical layer. However, recent technical advancements with positive outcomes have made it feasible to investigate the benefits of high bandwidth. In FSO networks, several researchers have begun to focus on network and higher layer issues. In this review article, FSO systems are elaborated and discussed its history technologies in FSO, comparison to RF, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Further, discussion on the utmost important performance limiting factor such as atmospheric turbulence is done and moreover beam divergence, scattering, dispersion in FSO, absorption, line of sight misalignment etc are also explained. Fog, haze, rain and their intensities such as low, medium and heavy ranges affect the FSO performance prominently. Different studies are reported in the literature to increase speed, capacity, and performance and also to perform better under the effects of different atmospheric turbulences using different modulations, multiple transmitters, optical amplifiers, wavelength windows, large antenna sizes, relay communication etc. However, FSO systems still need improvement in speed, capacity and performance.
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